TRO dismissal vacated where judge did not list factual basis K.S. v. S.H

  TRO dismissal vacated where judge did not list factual basis

 K.S. v. S.H. Plaintiff appealed the denial of her application for a FRO and dissolving her TRO against defendant.  Daily briefing October 20, 2022       A-0650-21 CASE MMARY

Plaintiff appealed the denial of her application for a FRO and dissolving her TRO against defendant. Parties never married but had three children together. Plaintiff had two children from a previous marriage. Division of Child Protection filed abuse and neglect charges against defendant in 2018 following allegations he sexually abused plaintiff's oldest child, M.S. Plaintiff's TRO was dissolved in October 2018 when the parties executed a civil consent order that imposed civil restraints. Family Part judge found defendant sexually, verbally, emotionally and physically abused M.S. and continued the mutual restraints. Trial judge ordered contact between the parties only through the My Family Wizard application. Parties later agreed to stop using the application and use two specified third-party facilitators for all communications concerning the children. Defendant sent plaintiff multiple text messages in June 2020 demanding payment for a ring and sent more text messages in August and September 2020 using profanity. Plaintiff filed a domestic violence complaint alleging harassment based on the multiple messages. Trial judge decided the case without allowing counsel to present their closing arguments. Court found it was not clear if trial judge considered parties' documentary exhibits, trial judge failed to correlate his factual findings with any analysis of the governing law and made no findings concerning the parties' previous history of domestic violence. Court vacated order dismissing plaintiff's domestic violence complaint, reinstated the TRO and remanded for a new trial before another judge.

K.S.,1 Plaintiff-Appellant,

v. S.H.,

Defendant-Respondent. _________________________

RECORD IMPOUNDED

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

Argued October 4, 2022 – Decided October 20, 2022

Before Judges Rose and Gummer.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Gloucester County, Docket No. FV-08-0302-22.

Eric R. Foley argued the cause for appellant (Afonso Archie & Foley, PC, attorneys; Eric R. Foley, on the brief).

Respondent has not filed a brief. PER CURIAM

1 We use initials in accordance with Rule 1:38-3(d)(10).

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0650-21

In this unopposed domestic violence matter, plaintiff K.S. appeals from a September 30, 2021 order, denying her application for a final restraining order (FRO), dismissing her domestic violence complaint, and dissolving her temporary restraining order (TRO) against her former domestic partner, defendant S.H., pursuant to the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. Instead, the trial judge continued civil restraints under the parties' October 29, 2018 consent order.

Plaintiff now appeals, raising two points for our consideration: POINT I

THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE ERROR WHEN IT MISAPPLIED THE PREVAILING LEGAL STANDARDS WHEN IT DETERMINED THAT THERE WAS NO NEED FOR AN FRO TO PROTECT THE VICTIM.

POINT II

ALTERNATIVELY, THE MATTER SHOULD BE REMANDED FOR A NEW TRIAL [BECAUSE] . . . PLAINTIFF WAS DENIED HER DUE PROCESS RIGHTS WHERE THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO UNDERTAKE ITS RESPONSIBILITY AS THE TRIER OF FACT WHEN IT FAILED TO REVIEW AND CONSIDER THE EVIDENCE THAT WAS BEFORE THE COURT.

More particularly, plaintiff contends the trial judge failed to apply the governing law in view of the history and proliferation of defendant's harassing

 

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communications, which repeatedly violated the parties' consent order imposing civil restraints. Accordingly, plaintiff seeks reversal of the dismissal order and entry of an FRO. Alternatively, plaintiff seeks a new trial before another judge, contending the judge failed to review her voluminous exhibits.

Because it is unclear from the record whether the trial court considered plaintiff's exhibits, we vacate the dismissal order. Because the trial court did not afford counsel the opportunity to present closing arguments, failed to fully comply with Rule 1:7-4, and made credibility findings, we remand for a retrial before another judge.

I.
We set forth, in some detail, the history between the parties from the

record before the trial judge to give context to plaintiff's contentions on appeal. The parties were never married but have three children together: M.H., born in April 2015; L.H., born in September 2016; and E.H., born in May 2018. Plaintiff has two other children from a previous marriage: M.S., born in April 2005; and J.S., born in March 2007.

Sometime in 2018, the Division of Child Protection and Permanency filed an abuse and neglect action against defendant following allegations that he had sexually abused plaintiff's oldest child, M.S. Plaintiff's ensuing TRO was

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dissolved on October 29, 2018, when the parties executed a civil consent order that imposed civil restraints and addressed defendant's parenting time. The provisions pertaining to civil restraints prohibited the parties from: "having oral, written, personal, electronic[,] or other form of contact or communication with the other party or through a third party unless authorized herein"; "stalking, following[,] or threatening to harm, stalk[,] or follow the other party"; or "going to the other part[y's] residence."

Apparently, the spirit of compromise reflected in the October 29, 2018 consent order was short lived. During the pendency of the abuse and neglect litigation, plaintiff moved for enforcement of the civil restraints. On February 14, 2019, a Family Part judge found defendant "sexually abused, verbally abused, emotionally abused[,] and physically abused" M.S. That same day, the judge continued mutual restraints, prohibiting both parties from "engag[ing] in disparaging or inflammatory communication utilizing social media," or "dispara[ging] the other parent in the presence of the children."

On October 10, 2019, the Family Part judge terminated the abuse and neglect litigation. Among other things, the judge ordered contact between the parties through the My Family Wizard application, "limited to three lines, only relating to scheduling/activities regarding the [parties'] three children."

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The parties returned to court on November 6, 2019, following plaintiff's motion to enforce civil restraints. Plaintiff withdrew her application. In exchange, the parties agreed to continue mutual restraints and stop using the My Family Wizard application. Instead, the parties agreed to utilize two specified third-party facilitators for all communications concerning the children.

Nonetheless, in June 2020, defendant sent plaintiff multiple text messages demanding payment for his unreturned engagement ring. As one notable example, on June 23, 2020, defendant sent five successive text messages, stating:

Oh & its [sic] $3,230.64. Maybe I'll just cut off chops [sic] support until my property is returned? Or did you file the renters insurance claim that you stated before? I haven't seen a dime you CUNT.

You gonna call in a midnight TRO? Go for it. You waste of life. Return my property.

Make sure you add the facts. All of them.

S[.] H[.]:
-no firearms
-is not harassing me only asking about he [sic] children -wants his engagement ring back totaling $3,230.64 Pretty simple.

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Oh and make sure that you leave my children in the care of a suicidal/drug addict 15[-]year[-]old [laughing emoji].[2]

On August 19, 2020, defendant sent plaintiff another barrage of text messages, including: "God you're a literal waste of life"; and "[e]ver thought about allowing them to be l it [sic] me for more than 22 hours you fucking cunt? Ever thought about nit keep [sic] them from me you twat? Fuck you."

Defendant continued sending plaintiff multiple messages contrary to the terms of the October 29, 2018 consent order. For example, in September 2020, defendant sent four consecutive identical messages demanding return of his engagement ring, stating: "Don't forget to send my engagement ring, slut." In October, defendant began a lengthy message, stating: "You are a genuine piece of shit. Period." The message ended with a rhetorical inquiry: "What are you going to do when you can't hide be [sic] your bullshit & the kids can't stand you anymore you fucking *CUNT*."

On December 28, 2020, plaintiff notified the TextFree support desk that defendant had utilized its service since September 2020 to generate fifty-two different numbers to harass her in violation of the parties' consent order.

2 We glean from the record that M.S. is the fifteen-year-old child referenced in defendant's message.

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Plaintiff asserted she blocked each number but defendant "just keeps getting a new one." Defendant sent a text message to plaintiff acknowledging he sent the messages but claimed, among other things, all messages were related to the parties' three children.

In January 2021, defendant switched his mode of communication to email. Defendant maintained all communication was related to the welfare of the parties' three children.

Sometime thereafter, defendant moved for joint custody or increased parenting time and plaintiff cross-moved for violation of the civil restraints. On July 1, 2021, another judge granted defendant's application for increased parenting time, with continued supervision. The judge ordered the parties to communicate regarding the children, only, through the AppClose application, but limited messages to "a total of two times per interaction." The order also provided: "Dad is on notice that if he continues to violate the civil restraints in place, the court may significantly reduce or terminate his parenting time." Undeterred, in July and August 2021, defendant sent multiple successive messages via AppClose at various hours of the day and night.

On September 3, 2021, plaintiff filed a domestic violence complaint, alleging defendant committed the predicate act of harassment between August

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30, 2021 and September 1, 2021, by sending plaintiff multiple messages through the court-authorized parenting application, sending her direct messages, and telephoning her, in violation of the October 29, 2018 consent order. Plaintiff also alleged a history of similar harassing communications during the previous three years.

Trial was held before the same judge who issued the July 1, 2021 order. During the thirty-minute trial, both parties were represented by counsel. Plaintiff testified on her own behalf and introduced into evidence fifty-one exhibits, including three video clips.3 Defendant did not testify. It is unclear from the record whether the twenty-five exhibits defendant marked for identification were moved into evidence.4 Neither party called any witnesses.

All three video clips were played during plaintiff's direct examination. According to plaintiff, the first clip depicted defendant driving by her home on an unspecified date in 2019. The second clip included audio of two of the parties' children. One child stated defendant called plaintiff "a rat bag." The

3 The video clips were not provided on appeal.

4 Plaintiff raised no objection to the admission of defendant's exhibits, which are included in her appendix on appeal. As explained below, we cannot discern from the record whether the judge considered defendant's exhibits.

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third clip was a brief segment of defendant's FaceTime call with the children during which he directed comments to plaintiff, including, "Record away, K[.S.] See you in court."

Plaintiff testified that she needed the protection of an FRO because defendant

just doesn't ever stop ever. I wake up in the morning and there's [sic] ten messages from him. . . . [I]t'll be 5:30 in the morning and there's [sic] already messages waiting. He does it all day long. He threatens to come to my house all the time. . . . [H]e just keeps trying to torture me constantly with all of the communication. He calls my phone and he's not supposed to call my phone. He's not supposed to text me directly. He's only supposed to use the parenting app and that doesn’t stop him either. Nothing does.

He calls FaceTime all the time. He's constantly making comments. Every time the kids have their . . . FaceTime videos, it's constant. It's all the time. It doesn't stop. It never, ever, ever, ever stops.

Plaintiff continued, explaining that defendant had been engaging in the same conduct "for three years and it doesn't matter what [she does] to try to make it stop." Concerned that defendant will "show up at the house," plaintiff felt defendant was "torturing" her with his "constant and relentless" messages, some of which were sent via the children.

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On cross-examination, plaintiff acknowledged she had engaged in a consensual exchange of text messages with defendant in August 2021, wherein they arranged for defendant to drop off something for the girls when she was not home. However, plaintiff denied that the majority of defendant's AppClose messages concerned the children. Plaintiff also acknowledged she called the police when defendant arrived at the school on M.H.'s first day. On redirect examination, plaintiff explained she contacted police because defendant approached her car when she dropped off M.H. at school.

Immediately, following plaintiff's testimony, the trial judge declared he was "not going to proceed anymore." The judge commenced his oral decision without affording counsel the opportunity to present closing statements. Briefly referencing the trial exhibits, the judge stated: "I see the exhibits you[5] have. I've gone through briefly the exhibits that [plaintiff's counsel] has submitted, and I've heard the testimony of [plaintiff]."

The judge cited no statutory authority or caselaw to support his decision. Instead, the trial judge admonished both parties, stating: "This court is here to protect litigants from violence, okay? You two don't get along. Somebody

5 Because the judge did not reference the exhibits by number, it is unclear whom he was addressing.

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doesn't get the message about no contact." Apparently referencing the video clip of the children, the judge addressed defendant, stating: "I don't know if you actually said that to the children. I don't know who's putting on who[m] here with respect the children. Using your children is totally unacceptable on both of you." The judge continued:

This is not a game. This particular court is not to be used as a vehicle for you to cut off parenting time. It's not to be used as a vehicle to harass anybody. The . . . number of calls alone is harassment. Do I think . . . it meets the next level with respect to the necessity of issuing a final restraining order? No, I don't; okay? Keep your finger off the phone.

Addressing plaintiff, the judge stated: "I've been observing your demeanor. I've evaluated your credibility. The kind of exchanges you have are apparently the kind of exchanges that you want to have." He further stated "[m]a'am, you precipitate a lot of this; okay . . . I'm frankly not impressed by your emoting over things that you precipitate."

At the conclusion of the trial, the judge entered a memorializing order dismissing plaintiff's domestic violence complaint and dissolving the TRO. The judge left undisturbed the October 29, 2018 consent order with civil restraints. This appeal followed.

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II.
Ordinarily, "[w]e accord substantial deference to Family Part judges, who

routinely hear domestic violence cases and are 'specially trained to detect the difference between domestic violence and more ordinary differences that arise between couples.'" C.C. v. J.A.H., 463 N.J. Super. 419, 428 (App. Div. 2020) (quoting J.D. v. M.D.F., 207 N.J. 458, 482 (2011)), certif. denied, 244, N.J. 339 (2022). "[D]eference is especially appropriate 'when the evidence is largely testimonial and involves questions of credibility.'" MacKinnon v. MacKinnon, 191 N.J. 240, 254 (2007) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 412 (1998)).

Generally, "findings by a trial court are binding on appeal when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Gnall v. Gnall, 222 N.J. 414, 428 (2015). We will not disturb a trial court's factual findings unless "they are so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant[,] and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice." Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412. We do not accord such deference to the court's legal conclusions, which we review de novo. Thieme v. Aucoin-Thieme, 227 N.J. 269, 283 (2016).

The entry of a final restraining order under the Act requires the trial court to make certain findings pursuant to a two-step analysis. See Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112, 125-27 (App. Div. 2006). Initially, the court "must

       

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determine whether the plaintiff has proven, by a preponderance of the credible evidence, that one or more of the predicate acts set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a) has occurred." Id. at 125 (citing N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)).

Harassment, as defined by N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4, is one of the predicate acts of domestic violence. N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)(13). Harassment occurs when a person:

a. Makes, or causes to be made, a communication or communications anonymously or at extremely inconvenient hours, or in offensively coarse language, or any other manner likely to cause annoyance or alarm;

b. Subjects another to striking, kicking, shoving, or other offensive touching, or threatens to do so; or

c. Engages in any other course of alarming conduct or of repeatedly committed acts with purpose to alarm or seriously annoy such other person.

[N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4.]
A finding of harassment under the first Silver prong requires proof that

the defendant acted "with purpose to harass." N.J.S.A. 2C:33-4; see Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 124. An act in violation of a civil restraint may support an allegation of harassment. See N.B. v. S.K., 435 N.J. Super. 298, 307-08 (App. Div. 2014). Courts "must consider the totality of the circumstances to determine

  

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whether the harassment statute has been violated." H.E.S. v. J.C.S., 175 N.J. 309, 326 (2003) (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J. at 404).

If the court finds the defendant committed a predicate act of domestic violence, the court must then determine whether it "should enter a restraining order that provides protection for the victim." Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 126. In those cases where "the risk of harm is so great," J.D. 207 N.J. at 488, the second inquiry "is most often perfunctory and self-evident." Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127. In all cases, "the guiding standard is whether a restraining order is necessary, upon an evaluation of the factors included in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to -29(a)(6), to protect the victim from an immediate danger or to prevent further abuse." Ibid.; see also D.M.R. v. M.K.G., 467 N.J. Super. 308, 324 (App. Div. 2021) (holding "[i]n determining whether a restraining order is necessary, the judge must evaluate the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to - 29(a)(6)"). Those factors are:

     

(1) The previous history of domestic violence between the plaintiff and defendant, including threats, harassment and physical abuse;

(2) The existence of immediate danger to person or property;

(3) The financial circumstances of the plaintiff and defendant;

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(4) The best interests of the victim and any child;

(5) In determining custody and parenting time the protection of the victim’s safety; and

(6) The existence of a verifiable order of protection from another jurisdiction.

[N.J.S.A 2C:25-29(a).]
"A history of domestic violence may serve to give content to otherwise ambiguous behavior and support entry of a restraining order." J.D., 207 N.J. at 483.

Because "the Legislature did not intend that the commission of one of the enumerated predicate acts of domestic violence automatically mandates the entry of" an FRO, a trial judge is required to make specific findings as to whether restraints were necessary to "protect the victim from an immediate danger or to prevent further abuse." Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 126-27. "That inquiry serves to ensure that the protective purposes of the Act are served, while limiting the possibility that the Act, or the courts, will become inappropriate weapons in domestic warfare." J.D., 207 N.J. at 488.

We have expressed concerns "that the Act may be misused in order to gain advantage in a companion matrimonial action or custody or visitation action." Kamen v. Egan, 322 N.J. Super. 222, 229 (App. Div. 1999). More recently,

 

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however, we have observed a violation of a civil restraining order is not a violation of the Act, although it can provide important context supporting a finding of intent to commit one of the enumerated acts in the statute. See N.B., 435 N.J. Super. at 307-08.

As a preliminary matter, we agree with plaintiff that it does not appear the judge considered her documentary exhibits, which spanned nearly 200 pages. Because the judge did not identify any evidence by exhibit number, we cannot be sure he considered the evidence, including the crude content of defendant's repeated text messages. Nor is it clear whether the judge considered defendant's twenty-five exhibits or whether they were moved into evidence. Compounding these evidentiary issues, the judge did not afford the parties the opportunity to make closing statements.

Moreover, the judge failed to correlate his factual findings with any citation to, or analysis of, the governing law. See R. 1:7-4(a) (requiring the court in non-jury trials "by an opinion or memorandum decision, either written or oral" to "find the facts and state its conclusions of law"); Elrom v. Elrom, 439 N.J. Super. 424, 443 (App. Div. 2015). Although the judge found "the number of calls alone is harassment," he failed to cite the statutory provision violated. Even more troubling, the judge made no findings concerning the parties'

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previous history of domestic violence, notwithstanding plaintiff's testimony and her documentary evidence.

Accordingly, our review is hampered both by the trial judge's cursory evaluation of the evidence presented at trial, and his failure to make the requisite findings. Thus, we are unable to review whether the judge's findings were "supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Gnall, 222 N.J. at 428. In view of the trial judge's credibility assessment, the case should be assigned to another judge. See R. 1:12-1(d); Pressler and Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 4 on R. 1:12-1 (2023) (stating "the appellate court has the authority to direct that a different judge consider the matter on remand in order to preserve the appearance of a fair and unprejudiced hearing").

We therefore vacate the order dismissing plaintiff's domestic violence complaint; reinstate the TRO; and remand the matter for a new trial before another judge. In remanding this matter, we express no opinion on the merits of the FRO application. Instead, we direct the new trial judge to fully consider the evidence and issue a decision pursuant to Rule 1:7-4.

  

Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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J.T.S. v. J.S. FRO reversed where no harassment

J.T.S. v. J.S. FRO reversed where no harassment   

Plaintiff appealed the denial of his application for a TRO. The parties married in 2003, separated in 2020 and have a child. The divorce proceedings were contentious and included disputes over child custody and parenting time. Plaintiff sought a TRO and alleged defendant harassed him via the Family Wizard co-parenting program. Trial court found plaintiff had not established the predicate act of harassment because none of the acts cited rose to the level of harassment. Court agreed the record demonstrated a lack of credible evidence to support a finding of harassment. The email exchange plaintiff cited merely contained defendant's statement she had to cancel that day's parenting time. Plaintiff did not show defendant intended "to alarm or seriously annoy" him. source Daily Briefing August 02, 2022   A-2789-20 

DV hearings can be heard via Zoom R.M.M. v. E.S.M.

DV hearings can be heard via Zoom

R.M.M. v. E.S.M. 

Defendant appealed the FRO entered against him. Plaintiff received a TRO based on sexual assault and was awarded primary physical custody of the parties' sons and temporary possession of the marital home. She amended her TRO complaint to include defendant's controlling behavior and his refusal to return children to her custody. Trial court conducted a Zoom hearing and defendant's counsel objected. Plaintiff testified she went to meet a friend, defendant followed her, they had words and she headed home. They argued at home, defendant called her names, took her purse and she went to bed. Defendant pulled her clothes off and despite her saying "no" pulled her legs apart and penetrated her. His controlling behavior continued, he smashed up the kitchen while she was folding laundry and did not return her purse. She tried to take Prozac and EMTs took her to the hospital. She reported defendant to police and alleged he monitored her via video cameras in the home and tracked her phone. Defendant declined to testify. Trial judge found plaintiff was credible. Defendant argued due process violations, his attorney was not able to conduct a "meaningful cross-examination" and sought an in-person hearing. Court was not persuaded. Trial judge's credibility determinations were not "tainted" by the Zoom format and his factual findings were supported by substantial evidence. Source Daily Briefing October 18, 2022

Case Number: A-0441-21

 R.M.M., Plaintiff-Respondent,

v. E.S.M.,

Defendant-Appellant. _________________________

RECORD IMPOUNDED

Argued October 3, 2022 – Decided October 18, 2022

Before Judges Enright and Bishop-Thompson.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part, Camden County, Docket No. FV-04-3532-21.

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

PER CURIAM

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0441-21

Defendant E.S.M.1 appeals from a September 8, 2021 final restraining order (FRO) entered in favor of his wife, plaintiff R.M.M., pursuant to the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act (PDVA), N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -35. We affirm.

On June 22, 2021, plaintiff applied for and received a temporary restraining order (TRO) based on allegations defendant sexually assaulted her. In an amended TRO dated August 4, 2021, plaintiff was awarded primary physical custody of the parties' two sons, then nine and thirteen, subject to defendant having "substantial parenting time." The amended TRO also granted plaintiff temporary possession of the marital home. She subsequently amended her TRO complaint to include additional detail about the sexual assault, defendant's controlling behavior during the marriage, and his refusal to return the children to her custody pursuant to the August 4 order.

The trial court conducted a two-day trial via Zoom on August 18, and September 8, 2021. At the start of the hearing, defendant's attorney objected to the case "proceeding by way of Zoom." The judge asked why a live proceeding was required, considering "the present predicament we are in," an apparent

1 We use initials to protect plaintiff's privacy. See R. 1:38–3(d)(9) to (10).

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reference to the COVID-19 pandemic. Counsel responded, "we're not having a live hearing," adding defendant had "a right to face his accuser and . . . confront all witnesses," but was "unable to do it in this format." The judge denied counsel's request to have the matter proceed in person.

During plaintiff's direct examination, she confirmed the parties were married for fourteen years and had two children together.2 The couple met when plaintiff was a sex worker and defendant was one of her clients.

In addressing her allegation of sexual assault, plaintiff testified that on June 2, 2021, she parked in a hotel parking lot to meet up with a friend; she had not informed defendant about her plans. Defendant drove to the hotel parking lot "within [twenty] minutes, or a half hour" after plaintiff arrived there and "pulled up next to" her. According to plaintiff, "[t]here were some words back and forth" before she pulled out of the parking lot and headed home. Defendant followed her there.

Plaintiff testified that after the parties went home, their argument became "heated" with "lots of tension." They went to their bedroom for "more privacy" because others were in the home. As the argument continued, defendant called

2 Plaintiff has three other children from a prior relationship. 3

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plaintiff a "prostitute" and a "whore." She testified defendant would not let her leave the bedroom and "took [her] purse, which contained [her] keys and . . . phone and . . . license." Accordingly, plaintiff changed into "a shirt and a pair of underwear" and "got into bed," wrapping a blanket around her. She described what happened next:

I was under the blanket and I was hoping to just maybe fall asleep . . . and before I know it, he ripped that blanket off of me violently and was standing there naked with an erection . . . and proceed[ed] to grab at me and . . . pull[] my underwear off of me physically, ripping them. I kicked at him, I remember making contact with his stomach, . . . telling him no and he proceeded to get on that bed and forced himself on me by pulling my legs apart. I had my knees tucked up and tight together and he pulled my knees apart and entered me. And he didn't stop until he was finished. [A]nd I was telling him he was hurting me[;] he told me, "good." So, I just sort of put the pillow over my face and allowed him to just finish. I figured it would be over and... when he was finished... I don't know where he went in the room, I just wrapped myself back up into the blanket and I laid there very quietly for a while.

Plaintiff testified "[t]he next day got a little worse." Defendant continued to disparage her, told her she was "a whore" and he was her "boss now and everything that [she did would] be when" he said so, including her giving him oral sex if that's what he wanted. Plaintiff stated, "he meant it because he would order me to go back up to the bedroom and wait for him because I'm 'a whore'

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and now I'm 'his whore' and . . . this went on for four days." She added, "he basically was telling me I will not leave the house . . . unless I have my children with me or he's with me." Plaintiff also stated defendant never returned her belongings from her purse.

Further, plaintiff testified that on June 5, 2021, defendant demanded she "go back up to the bedroom and . . . make [him] forget everything."3 Plaintiff gave defendant "oral sex," hoping "he could forgive [her]." Shortly thereafter plaintiff went downstairs to fold laundry but defendant "started up again," disparaging her. He went into the kitchen and kicked "a metal restaurant cart that h[eld] all of [their] dishes and serving things" so that "everything flew and broke off." With bowls, dishes and trays "just smashed all over the tile floor everywhere," defendant ordered plaintiff to "hurry up and clean it up." While plaintiff was picking up pieces of the broken dishware, defendant told her "[y]ou're a whore, you should just kill yourself."

In response to this comment, plaintiff took a bottle of Prozac she had been prescribed and attempted to swallow some pills from the bottle. She stated,

3 Because the trial transcript refers to this incident occurring either on June 5 or June 6, 2021, we refer to it as having happened on June 5 and are satisfied the discrepancy does not affect our analysis.

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"they wouldn't go down because they're capsules." As plaintiff tried to take the pills, defendant "chased [her] around" and called 9-1-1.

First responders arrived on the scene; plaintiff recalled telling one police officer, "I just need to get out of this house and I need to get away from my husband." She told other first responders she was "'not safe here at this moment.'" EMTs asked her if she wanted to go to the hospital and "get checked out" as she "was having trouble breathing" and "very upset." Plaintiff agreed to be transported to a local hospital and was admitted for four days before voluntarily going to an inpatient program for nine days.

Plaintiff testified that when she was released from the program, she was not prescribed any additional medication nor was she deemed "a danger to herself or others." Also, she stated she willingly submitted to a drug test at the request of the Division of Child Protection and Permanency and the test was negative. Additionally, plaintiff testified that on June 22, 2021, she went to the police to report her husband sexually assaulted her earlier that month.

When asked to describe the parties' sexual relationship, plaintiff answered, "sometimes it was very strained, . . . very demanding. It wasn't healthy . . . most times. It was when he needed it and wanted it and when it wasn't that way, our marriage . . . suffered."

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Plaintiff also stated defendant controlled the family's finances during the marriage and she was not allowed to work outside the home without his permission. Further, she testified defendant constantly monitored her, explaining there were "video cameras in the home" that had zoom-in capability and defendant "watche[d] everything that [went] on in the house, and screenshot[] it, and sen[t] . . . a picture of what you [were] doing wrong. It happen[ed] all the time."4 Plaintiff also stated defendant tracked her phone and would show her "locations where [she] was, how long [she] stayed there," and would question "everything [she'd] done."

Regarding the parties' existing parenting time arrangements, plaintiff testified that after her TRO was amended to award her primary physical custody of the children and temporary possession of the marital home, she returned home but the children were not there. Moreover, she found the home "in disarray" with "trash bags all over the place, things . . . taken off the wall" and her sons' bedrooms "emptied out" with "nothing in the [dresser] drawers" and "all their computers . . . gone." She also noted that during an arranged visit with her sons,

4

Notably, when defendant's father subsequently testified for defendant, he denied defendant "exhibited any signs of controlling behavior," but stated he believed there were "cameras throughout the [parties'] house."

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the parties exchanged the children at a local diner but defendant "stayed parked in the parking lot" "the whole time."

Based on plaintiff's testimony, the judge invited counsel to discuss "what needs to be accomplished to resolve the violation of the court's order granting plaintiff custody." Although defendant's attorney denied defendant violated the custody provisions of the amended TRO, the judge disagreed and stated, "the children need to be returned to [the marital] home, the property needs to be returned to this home," and the children's clothing must "be returned to that house not by [defendant], but by a third-party within 24 hours." The judge cautioned defendant was "within a breath of this court finding him in contempt."

During cross-examination, defendant's attorney asked plaintiff if she told the police on June 22 that she "attempt[ed] to hurt [her]self" earlier that month, when first responders were called to her home. She answered, "I do not believe I tried to kill myself. It was not my intention to kill myself." Plaintiff explained she "did not take an overdose of pills. . . . [I]t never . . . got to that point," and before first responders came to her home, her "intention was for [defendant] to stop and leave [her] alone" because she "was at a breaking point."

On the second day of trial, defense counsel played a video recording of plaintiff's interaction with first responders on June 5 before asking her if she

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told paramedics that day that she "didn't want to live." Plaintiff stated, "I told them I didn't want to be there. I needed to get out of that house. I needed to leave." Defendant's attorney pressed on, stating, "Ma'am, . . . . [in t]he video we just watched, you indicated to the paramedic that you didn't want to live." The judge interjected, "[c]ounsel, you make that representation. I listened to the video. I did not see that, [n]or did I hear that . . . . I don't know how you could cross-examine with something the court could not interpret as the statement . . . you are making to the witness." Defendant's attorney maintained his representation about the recording was correct and asked to play it again for the court; the judge granted the request but advised counsel he had his "volume all the way up" to listen to the recording.

After replaying the segment of the recording at issue, defendant's attorney asked the judge if he heard plaintiff telling a paramedic she "didn't want to live." The judge repeated he could not hear this statement − although he could "hear people talking" on the recording. Additionally, the judge stated counsel "hear[d] something different than the witness." Further the judge noted he was able to hear plaintiff tell the paramedic, "I need to get out of here," before pointing out, "[t]hat's what the witness is testifying to." Defense counsel responded this was "a Zoom issue" because the video recording was not "faint." The judge

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reiterated his "speakers [were] at 100 percent" volume and commented that the witness "testified [the recording] doesn't say what [defense counsel] report[ed] it to say."5

5

Although we were not provided with a copy of the video recording, the transcript from this portion of the September 8 hearing reflects that when the video was first played for the court, it was transcribed as follows:

THE PARAMEDIC: Yeah. What happened?

[]PLAINTIFF: Just something happened in there and he -- he just busted up the whole kitchen. And it's just -- it's a marriage thing, and I need to be out of this situation.

THE PARAMEDIC: Okay.

[]PLAINTIFF: I just want to leave now. I need some help, and I need to get out.

THE PARAMEDIC: When you say you don't want to live, what do you mean? Do you feel like you want to harm yourself?

[]PLAINTIFF: (inaudible)

THE PARAMEDIC: All right. [(Emphasis supplied.)]

When the recording was played a second time, the transcriber again captured plaintiff as saying to the paramedic, "I just want to leave now."

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After plaintiff's testimony concluded, her attorney called defendant to testify. Defendant declined to take the stand and invoked the Fifth Amendment, although no criminal charges were pending.

Next, plaintiff called her adult daughter as a witness. Plaintiff's daughter corroborated defendant would not let plaintiff work. She also testified that on one occasion when she went out to breakfast with her mother, defendant "must have called [plaintiff] about [thirty] times." Plaintiff's daughter recalled defendant proceeded to call her directly and told her, "[y]ou need to tell your mother to answer her phone. She's my wife. . . I need her available at all times." Further, plaintiff's daughter attested that after plaintiff was hospitalized in June 2021, defendant informed her plaintiff "was a prostitute," "a swinger," and "[s]he left . . . the house . . . a mess."

Defendant called Officer Jason Hina to testify. The officer stated when he met with plaintiff on June 22, 2021, she reported she was sexually assaulted by defendant. Defense counsel asked if plaintiff told the officer what her intention was when she consumed pills at her home on June 5. The officer testified plaintiff "led [him] to believe that the attempt was to commit suicide," but he immediately clarified this statement by adding, "I do not recall if she specifically mentioned that intent."

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When the trial ended, the judge granted plaintiff an FRO.6 He remarked that by using "the old tools of determining credibility," listening to plaintiff's testimony and "looking at her on the Zoom presentation," where he could "expand the visual view by making her Zoom picture fill the whole video monitor up," he found plaintiff was "a reasonably credible person." The judge observed, "[t]here is nothing . . . that is so unusual about her testimony that she shouldn't be believed." Further, he determined by a "preponderance of evidence" not only that plaintiff "believed that she was sexually assaulted," but this act "occurred." Moreover, the judge found because the "sexual assault [was] an egregious act . . . in itself," it was "adequate for a final restraining order" and he was not bound to "use the necessary Silver [v.] Silver7 criteria."

On appeal, defendant contends his "due process rights were infringed by the use of Zoom technology." Moreover, he argues the judge's "credibility determinations were tainted by the inability of [his attorney] to conduct a meaningful cross-examination"; and the judge failed to address whether there was a need for continuing restraints by neglecting to "conduct a full analysis of

6
defendant was barred from contacting or communicating with plaintiff.

 

The FRO was amended on September 10, 2021 to include a provision that 7 Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. 112 (App. Div. 2006).

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the factors listed [under] N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)." Defendant urges us to vacate the FRO and remand the matter "for an in-person hearing . . . to rectify the due process violations that occurred over the Zoom video format." Because we are satisfied defendant was afforded due process during the FRO hearing and that plaintiff met her burden under Silver, we affirm.

Findings by a trial court are generally binding on appeal, provided they are "supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 411-12 (1998) (quoting Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Invs. Ins. Co. of Am., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974)); see also Thieme v. Aucoin-Thieme, 227 N.J. 269, 283 (2016). We defer to the trial court's findings unless those findings appear "so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests of justice." Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412 (quoting Rova Farms, 65 N.J. at 484). An appellate court owes a trial court's findings deference especially "when the evidence is largely testimonial and involves questions of credibility." Ibid. (quoting In re Return of Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997)). Further,

we "accord particular deference to the Family Part because of its 'special jurisdiction and expertise' in family matters." Harte v. Hand, 433 N.J. Super. 457, 461 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting Cesare, 154 N.J. at 412). However, "all

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legal issues are reviewed de novo." Ricci v. Ricci, 448 N.J. Super. 546, 565 (App. Div. 2017) (citing Reese v. Weis, 430 N.J. Super. 552, 568 (App. Div. 2013)).

 

In deciding whether to grant a final restraining order, a trial court must engage in a two-step inquiry. Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 125. The court must first determine whether the plaintiff proved, "by a preponderance of the credible evidence," that a defendant committed one of the predicate acts listed in the PDVA. Ibid. Second, if a trial court finds the defendant committed a predicate act, it must decide whether to issue a restraining order. Id. at 127. The court should issue a restraining order if it is necessary to protect a victim from further abuse. Ibid.

Sexual assault is one of the predicate acts listed in the PDVA. See N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)(7). Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(c)(1), a person is "guilty of sexual assault if the actor commits an act of sexual penetration with another person" "using coercion or without the victim's affirmative and freely-given permission." Here, considering plaintiff's unrebutted testimony, which the judge credited, we are persuaded there was overwhelming evidence to support the judge's finding defendant sexually assaulted plaintiff. Although defendant contends plaintiff "did not prove a predicate act of [s]exual [a]ssault by a

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preponderance of the evidence," this argument is wholly lacking in merit. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

Regarding defendant's contention the Zoom format of the trial deprived him of his right to meaningfully cross-examine plaintiff about her sexual assault allegations, we are not persuaded. "Fundamentally, due process requires [notice and] an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner." Doe v. Poritz, 142 N.J. 1, 106 (1995). "Due process is not a fixed concept, however, but a flexible one that depends on the particular circumstances." Ibid. Pertinent to this appeal, our Supreme Court recently explained that "virtual [proceedings] are a temporary measure invoked to meet an extraordinary, life-threatening public health crisis," and while "the use of technology, like all human undertakings, will not meet the test of perfection[,]. . . . virtual . . . proceedings comply with the essential tenets of the fundamental fairness doctrine." State v. Vega-Larregui, 246 N.J. 94, 131, 136 (2021).

Although defendant cites D.M.R. v. M.K.G., 467 N.J. Super. 308, 313 (App. Div. 2021) to support his due process argument, his reliance is misplaced. In D.M.R., the trial court conducted a remote FRO trial over Zoom that consisted of several "irregularities," including "the trial court's questioning of plaintiff's

   

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mother at times," which "approached advocacy," and the court's failure "to meet the requisite standard of impartiality." Id. at 321-22. Because of these errors, we concluded the defendant was deprived of her due process rights. Id. at 322. Here, the proceeding did not suffer from the same infirmities as those in D.M.R. Unlike in D.M.R., the parties were both represented by counsel. Moreover, our review of the record reflects the judge maintained the requisite formality for the FRO hearing and was impartial throughout the trial.

We also are not convinced the judge's credibility determinations were "tainted" by virtue of the Zoom format of the trial, despite that the judge and defendant's attorney disagreed on what plaintiff told a paramedic on the June 5 video recording. Indeed, the record demonstrates the judge carefully listened to the recording twice and he, as well as the official transcriber for the September 8 hearing, did not hear what defendant's attorney represented was stated on the video, i.e., plaintiff saying she did not want to live.

More importantly, the judge indulged defendant's interpretation of what was said on the recording, stating, "let's assume [plaintiff] makes the statement to the paramedics, 'I don't want to live.' Now, why is that relevant to credibility? How does that defeat her . . . being credible." In response, defendant's attorney admitted the statement was "not in and of itself, . . . the end-all, be-all."

 

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Additionally, even after the judge told defendant's attorney, "I don't think it was clear that she told the paramedics that statement," he assured counsel, "we can deal with that as an argument in this case." Given these circumstances and considering the extensive cross-examination conducted by defendant's attorney, we are not persuaded defendant was denied due process or that the judge's credibility determinations were tainted.

We next consider defendant's overlapping arguments the judge erred by failing to determine if there was a need for continuing restraints and neglecting to consider the factors outlined under N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a).

It is well established "[c]ommission of a predicate act is necessary, but alone insufficient, to trigger relief provided by the [PDVA]." R.G. v. R.G., 449 N.J. Super. 208, 228 (App. Div. 2017) (citing Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 126-27). Although that determination "is most often perfunctory and self-evident, the guiding standard is whether a restraining order is necessary, upon an evaluation of the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29[(a)](1) to -29[(a)](6),8 to protect the

  

8 N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29 provides in part:

The court shall consider but not be limited to the following factors:

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victim from an immediate danger or to prevent further abuse." Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127. This "second [Silver] prong . . . requires the conduct [be] imbued by a desire to abuse or control the victim." R.G., 449 N.J. Super. at 228 (citing Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 126-27). Whether a defendant's conduct was designed to abuse or control the plaintiff should be assessed in the context of the "entire relationship between the parties," Cesare, 154 N.J. at 405, so the court may look to other relevant factors not included in the statute, see N.T.B. v. D.D.B., 442 N.J. Super. 205, 223 (App. Div. 2015) (noting the statutory factors are "nonexclusive").

Here, plaintiff provided unrefuted testimony that during the marriage: she was not allowed to work without defendant's permission; defendant tracked her movements outside the home; and he remotely monitored her when she was

     

(1) The previous history of domestic violence between the plaintiff and defendant, including threats, harassment and physical abuse;
(2) The existence of immediate danger to person or property;

(3) The financial circumstances of the plaintiff and defendant;
(4) The best interests of the victim and any child;
(5) In determining custody and parenting time the protection of the victim's safety; and

(6) The existence of a verifiable order of protection from another jurisdiction.

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inside the home, after installing cameras with "zoom-in capability." It also is uncontroverted that after the sexual assault occurred, defendant did not return plaintiff's keys, license, or purse to her, and for days thereafter, he demanded she be available to him to perform sexual acts he requested. Additionally, defendant did not deny he stayed in the parking lot "the whole time" she enjoyed parenting time with the children at a local diner after the parties separated; nor did he refute he left the marital home in disarray and "emptied out" the children's rooms after plaintiff was awarded primary physical custody and temporary possession of the home.

We are satisfied the judge did not ignore these undisputed facts and that he implicitly addressed the applicable statutory factors under N.J.S.A. 2C:25- 29(a) before granting the FRO. For example, he considered plaintiff's best interests and those of her children when he continued plaintiff's status as the children's primary caretaker and fixed the parties' parenting time arrangements contemporaneous with the entry of the FRO. Also, after hearing plaintiff's unrefuted testimony that defendant controlled the parties' finances, it is evident the judge considered the parties' financial circumstances because he granted plaintiff possession of the former marital residence, compelled defendant to pay $300 per week in support, and directed him to satisfy the parties' monthly

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mortgage payments, utilities, health insurance, car payment and car insurance obligations. Moreover, it is clear the judge recognized plaintiff's need for protection even before he issued the FRO because he directed a third party – not defendant – to return the children's personalty to the home, and he found defendant violated "the court's [temporary] order granting plaintiff custody."

Finally, we agree with the judge's conclusion that the sexual assault perpetrated by defendant was "an egregious act" warranting the issuance of the FRO. In fact, the sexual assault, as credibly described by plaintiff in significant detail, was so vicious that the need for a restraining order, as noted in Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127, was "perfunctory and self-evident." See S.K. v. J.H., 426 N.J. Super. 230, 233 (App. Div. 2012).

In sum, the trial court's factual findings regarding the predicate act are adequately supported by substantial, credible evidence in the record and considering plaintiff provided unrefuted testimony regarding the applicable statutory factors under the second Silver prong, we discern no basis to disturb the challenged FRO.

  

Affirmed.

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